Disfix
A disfix is a subtractive morpheme, that is, a morpheme which manifests itself through elision (the removal of segments from a root or stem). Thus it can be seen as a kind of "anti-affix". An example comes from Murle, an Eastern Sudanic language of southern Sudan:
- /oɳiːt/ "rib" ↔ /oɳiː/ "ribs".
In French
From a more familiar language, some French plurals are derived from the singular, and many masculines from the feminine, by dropping the final consonant and making some generally predictable changes to the vowel:
| Singular |
Plural |
trans. |
| bœf |
bø |
cattle |
| œf |
ø |
eɡɡs |
| ɔs |
o |
bones |
|
|
| Feminine |
Masculine |
trans. |
| blɑ̃ʃ |
blɑ̃ |
white |
| fʀɛʃ |
fʀɛ |
fresh |
| ɡʀos |
ɡʀo |
large |
| fos |
fo |
wrong |
| fʀɑ̃sɛz |
fʀɑ̃sɛ |
French |
| ɑ̃ɡlɛz |
ɑ̃ɡlɛ |
English |
| fʀwad |
fʀwa |
cold |
| ɡʀɑ̃d |
ɡʀɑ̃ |
big |
| pətit |
pəti |
small |
| fʀit |
fʀi |
fried |
| bɔn |
bɔ̃ |
ɡood |
|
The singular–plural forms are irregular in French, but nouns and adjectives ending in certain consonants in the feminine regularly drop that consonant in the masculine (apart from environments of liaison).[1]
Disfixation is uncommon, but is important in the Muskogean languages of the southeastern United States.
Disfixes in Muskogean
In Muskogean, disfixes are used to derive pluractionality (repeated action, plural subjects or objects, or greater duration of a verb). In Alabama, there are two principal forms of this morpheme:
- In most verbs, the last two segments are dropped from the penultimate syllable of the stem, which is the final syllable of the root. If the syllable has only two segments, it is elided altogether. For example:
-
- balaaka "lies down", balka "lie down"
- batatli "hits", batli "hits repeatedly"
- cokkalika "enters", cokkaka "enter"
- In some verbs, the final consonant of the penult is dropped, but the preceding vowel lengthens to compensate:
-
- salatli "slide", salaali "slide repeatedly"
- noktiłifka "choke", noktiłiika "choke repeatedly"
Unlike the case in French, Muskogean disfixation is productive.
Notes
- ^ This process is not productive in French, and therefore arguably not true disfixation; speakers of the language may learn them as suppletive pairs of words rather than deriving one from the other. (Booij, Lehmann, & Mugdan, Morphology, Walter de Gruyter, 2000, p 582)
See also
Bibliography
- George Aaron Broadwell. "Subtractive Morphology in Southern Muskogean," International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 59, No. 4, Muskogean Languages of the Southeast (Oct., 1993), pp. 416-429
- Heather Hardy and Timothy Montler, 1988. "Alabama H-infix and Disfixation," in William Shipley, ed., In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3110111659